anatomy homeworks

hi you all!
here are the anatomy homework answers from the first two weekends' assignments:

ANATOMY QUESTIONS WEEK 1



1) Describe the difference between Muscle, Ligament, Tendon and Cartilage.

Hyaline Cartilage: A tough elastic fibrous tissue found on articulating surfaces of bones. It contributes to the synovial capsule and also protects the underlying tissue. It can be damages by trauma or excessive wear.

Ligament: fibrous band-like structures composed of connective tissue. They link bone to bone and stabilize joints while allowing movement. They cannot actively contract or stretch.

Tendons: attach muscle to bone. They do not contract. they have a limited blood supply. and hence benefit from a heated room or proper warm up.

Muscle: Skeletal muscle. or voluntary (striated) muscle. is responsible for all movements that result through contraction of muscles that attach to bones (By comparison. smooth muscle contract without voluntary control; stomach. intestine. bladder)

2) What do ligaments and cartilage have in common? Why is it important know this?

Answer: They passively reinforce the joint and prevent undesired movement. They are avascular (little or no blood supply) so they heal very slowly.

3) What is a synovial joint? How is a vigorous daily yoga practice beneficial to these joints?

Answer: Synovial joints are freely moving joints.

Articulating bones of a joint are held together by ligaments and sheathed in a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is viscous (thick) at rest. Movement stimulates the production of synovial fluid and makes it more liquid. This enables more freedom of movement. Use it or lose it.

4) Name the two calf muscles that meet under the sole of the foot to create its arch:

Answer: Peroneus longus and tibialis posterior

5) What kind of contraction are we referring to when we say "hug the muscle to the bone"? For example; in Utthita Hastasana in Tadasana (arms overhead), when we contract the muscles on both sides of the humerus - draw the biceps and triceps into the bone at the same time? Why is this action important?

Answer: Static. (isometric). It stabilizes the joints above and below.

6) Name the anatomical joint position in Virabhadrasana 1 of the joints listed below

Ankle (front leg) :dorsiflexion or neutral
Knee (front leg) :flexion
Knee (back leg) extension
Hip (front leg): flexion
Hip (back leg) :extension
Shoulder: flexion
Cervical spine: extension

7) In what plane of movement does Virabhadrasana 1 primarily move?

Answer: Sagittal






ANATOMY QUESTIONS WEEK 2

1) What type of joint is the hip joint? What actions can be done in the hip joint?

Answer: Ball and socket. Full range: flexion. extension. abduction, adduction. Internal and external rotation, circumduction

2) What is the name of the nerve that lies underneath the piriformiS muscle?

Answer: sciatic

3) What muscles are the major hip flexors?

Answer: psoas. rectus femoris (minor flexor: Sartorius).

4) Name two poses that stretch these muscles and two poses that strengthen them

Stretch: Virabhadrasana 1 (back leg), high lunge (back leg), Dhanurasana. Ustrasana. Bridge pose. Ardha Bhekasana. Supta Virasana ..

Strengthen: Uttihita Hasta Padahasana. Navasana, Urdhva Prasarita Padottanasana,

Virabhadrasana 2 (front leg). Trikonasana (front leg).

5) In backbends: What is the position of the pelviS? Why is this important to the lumbar spine?

Generally in backbends, the student should work to keep the pelvis in a posterior tilt. in order to keep length and prevent compression in the lumbar spine and lumbo-sacral connection.

6) What type of rotation do we emphasize in the back leg in Virabhadrasana I? What muscles do this action?

Answer: Internal rotation. Gluteus medius, gluteus minim us, tensor fascia latae.

7) In Vrksasana, the pelvis should be neutral in all three planes. (Refer to pp 90-93 in Yoga Mind, Body, Spirit) In Virabhadrasana 2 the pelvis is:

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NEUTRAL in the sagittal plane NEUTRAL in the coronal plane

ROTATED in the horizontal (transverse) plane, towards the front knee.